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{\*\company University of Hull}{\nofcharsws70667}{\vern16389}}\paperw11909\paperh16834 \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\hyphcaps0\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace120\dgvspace180\dghorigin1701 \dgvorigin1984\dghshow2\dgvshow2\jexpand\viewkind4\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\splytwnine\ftnlytwnine\htmautsp\nolnhtadjtbl\useltbaln\alntblind\lytcalctblwd\lyttblrtgr\lnbrkrule\nobrkwrptbl\snaptogridincell\allowfieldendsel\wrppunct \asianbrkrule\rsidroot15994128 \fet0\sectd \psz9\linex0\headery706\footery706\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid13764953\sftnbj {\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2 \pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx8647\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15344050 \cbpat8 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\b\fs28\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid15551356 HEREFORDSHIRE}{\b\fs28\cf1\insrsid15344050 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx8647\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1593794 \cbpat8 {\cf2\insrsid1593794 (version 1a) \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx8647\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15344050 \cbpat8 {\cf2\insrsid15344050 }{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050 \par }{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 INTRODUCTION}{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050 \par }{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid15551356 \par }{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050 THE WELSH BORDER: POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY}{\b\insrsid15344050\charrsid15551356 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx8647\tx11342\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15344050 \cbpat8 {\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 English penetration of Wales and Welsh counter-attacks involved centuries of border warfare, that continued}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 after the date of Domesday. Of}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 fa, }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 king}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 of Mercia (757-796), had erected a great earthwork to define the limits of his kingdom and it is instructive to compare Offa's Dyke both w}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ith the boundary of the modern c}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ounty and with the pattern of English settlement recorded in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday. In the north, the dyke (whose course}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 is }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 sometimes conjectural, sometimes incomplete) ran southwards across the highland of Clun Forest (now in Shropshire), passed through Knighton, cut across modern Radnorshire and entered Hereford shire near Knill, striking south-east past Lyonshall, Weobley and Mansell Gamage to join the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 River }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Wye near Bridge Sollers. From here Offa's boundary followed the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 River}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Wye; sometimes, }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 especially in the south of the c}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ounty and in Gloucestershire, a dyke st ood proud on the crags to the east of the river. The fortification has been studied in detail by}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Sir Cyril Fox; see Fox, }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2126123 Offa's Dyke}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 .}{ \insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx8647\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15344050 \cbpat8 {\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab By the time of the Domesday Survey, the English had made striking gains: almost the whole of Elsdon Hundred and half of }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "Stepleset" Hundred lie west of the d}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 yke and north of the }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 River }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Wye, while Domesday records south and west of the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 River Wye the English h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undreds of Wormelow, Dinedor and the southern portion of Stretford, together with the Welsh districts of Ewias and Archenfield which were progressively coming under Norman influence.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab The Domesday boundary corresponds in}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 general to that of the modern c}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ounty, except in the north-west where }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday records a number of villages}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 (}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Weston, Pilleth}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 , Cascob, Discoed, Clatterbrune,}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Harpto}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 n, Old Radnor and Burlingjobb) }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 l}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ying to the west of the modern c}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ounty and in some cases west of Offa's Dyke, in what was until 1974 Radnorshire. These form a wedge-shaped projection from Herefordshire up the valleys of the Lugg and Hindwell rivers t hat drain Radnor Forest, where the territory of the diocese of Hereford still projects into that of }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 St}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 David's. In the same area, Litton, not mentioned in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 , to the west of Discoed, was a detached part of Herefordshire until modern times.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab These bor der lands seem to have seen some of the bitterest contests with the Welsh: almost all the villages were waste in 1066 and 1086. With the exception of Old Radnor and Burlingjobb, Domesday expressly places them on the 'Welsh March' together with Bradley, }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid12391815 Titley, Little Brampton, Knill, Lower Harpton, Nash}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and Middleton (9,13. 24,3) which have remained in England. Old Radnor and Burlingjobb should no doubt be similarly designated. }{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Domesday, however, records a subtler distinction in these border lands. Areas of long-standing English settlement, however devastated, are assessed in hides and virgates, the 5-hide unit being often appar}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 ent; but newly acquired areas (}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Ewias, Archenfield and}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 lands associated with castles; see\{Introduction: Castles\}) are assessed in terms of plough}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 lands or carucates (1,48 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 carucates }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note). Thus all the areas beyond Offa's Dyke and north of the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 River }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Wye are hidated, even those later in Radnorshire, as are the Hundreds of Dinedor, Stretford and Wormelow, south of the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 River }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Wye. The same a pplies to the Golden or Dore Valley, even though much of it was waste and its frontier position vulnerable, as indicated by the presence of castles north and south at Clifford and Ewyas Harold}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ; see \{Introduction: Castles\}}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ).}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Except in the area of Hay-on-}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Wye and Clifford, little is recorded in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 on the west bank of the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 River}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Dore (although the Golden Valley contains eight so far unidentified places). The land rose westwards from the valley floor and will have touched the ill-defined boundary with Ewia s, part of a Welsh cantref, on the point of being acquired by the Normans. Ewyas Harold castle, built on unhidated land probably gained from the Welsh under King Edward t}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 he Confessor, will have superviz}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ed the occupation of Ewias. Beyond it, land 'n}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ot in the castlery nor in the h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undred' had been granted to Roger of Lacy; here his descendants were to build the castle of Ewias Lacy (now Longtown 10,2) as part of the Norman advance to the Black Mountains. Land within the mountains was no doubt soon acquired by the Lacy family f}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 or here they founded Llanthony P}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 riory, in an area that was later in Monmouthshire. However, a detached strip, Ffwddog, stretching down into the valleys of the Grwyne Fawr and Afon Honddu rivers from the mountain ridge to the west of Llanth ony, remained in Herefordshire until the nineteenth century.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Apart from this one entry relating to Ewias (10,2), }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 says nothing about the area, although early in King William's reign the land began to come, like Gwent, under Norman infl}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 uence, since the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid8068020 Book of Llan D\'e2v}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 (}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid12391815 Evans,}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 p. 278) records }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Riderch }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 (Rhydderch son of Caradoc of Gwynllwg, died 1076) ruling over Ewias and Gwent Is Coed and 'serving King William'. The area remained in a Welsh diocese, first of Llandaff, then of }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 St}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 David's until 1852.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab The second Welsh district, or commote, Archenfield, was p}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 art of the same cantref, for the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid8068020 Red Book of the Exchequer}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ,}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid12391815 (Hall, p.}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 761) records }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Talegard}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ,}{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Hereging}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ,}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Ewias}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ,}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Strediu}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ,}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 i cantref}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ,}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 that is 'Talgarth, Archenfield (Welsh }{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Ergyng}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid3548035 )}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ,}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Ewias and Crickhowel l (formed) one cantref'. Archenfield lay south of Dinedor }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Hundred and Stretford Hundred, between the River}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Wye and }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 the River }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Monnow, and in 1086 was still a semi-autonomous Welsh district with its own customs. Its major part is not surveyed in detail; inde ed only Garway is entered for the whole of its southern half. This is because the district as a whole, though subject to the English since the time of King Edward, was under Welsh law, dues being given by Welsh custom, that is in money or r}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 enders of sheep or honey (see A}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 1-10. 1,49-60).}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab The lands that are surveyed in detail in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 within Archenfield are those acquired by the English before 1066, mostly in the centre and north, Normans having here succeeded the English lords. Yet even here the assessment is in terms of ploughlands, not hides, a}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 nd the land is not part of the hundredal organization of the c}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ounty. The Welsh lands, churches and clergy of Archenfield are}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 surveyed in the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid8068020 Book of Llan D\'e2v }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid12391815 (Evans,}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 pp. 275-}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 78}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 )}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 .}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Penetration of the district west of the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 River}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Wye had probably begun with the establishment of the 'Hundred' of Wormelow, a composite manor measured in hides (1,61-62), and the 'Hundred' of Sellack in the lower loop of a pronounced 'S'-bend in the river (29,20 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Strangford }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note). Moreover, the royal manor of Cleeve (1,8) had acquired a number of hidated members on the Welsh bank of the}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 River}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Wye, and Linton (1,1) received dues from Archenfield. Conversely, Archenfield extended east of the}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 River}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Wye }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 to include Kings Caple (1,55; see 1,8 Cleeve note}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ) in the upper loo}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 p of the same 'S'-bend, and Howl}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 e Hill (1,60). Under King Edward, the English interest in the area seems to have provoked the anger of Bleddyn and the Welsh King Gruffydd who laid it waste (1,49 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Gruffydd }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note). Archenfield remained in the Welsh diocese of Llandaff until 1131.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab South of Archenfield and of the modern county boundary lay the Welsh district of Gwent. Strong castles had been established at Monmouth and Caerleon under King William, and land measured in carucates was being a warded to Norman tenants between the Wye and the Usk, as well as beyond the latter, as part of Gloucestershire (}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 GLS W1-19}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ). This area was later to }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 form the c}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ounty of Monmouth.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab By no means all the Herefordshire land of 1086 was productive: Welsh incursions in the time of both }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 King }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Edward and}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 King}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 William had devastated large areas. The great majority of lands in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "Hezetre"}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Hundred and Elsdon Hundred}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and in the Golden Valley are recorded as waste or partially waste before 1066, together with some lands on the north and east boundaries of Archenfiel}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 d and in the north-east of the c}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ounty. By 1086, the number of wholly waste manors had diminished and was practically confined to the border lands in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "Hezetre"}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Hundred }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 the northern part of Elsdon Hundred}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 , but conversely the 1086 value clauses reveal a larger number of partially}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 waste manors elsewhere in the c}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ounty. In such cases, the reference to the 1066 position had perhaps been omitted; see }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid15551356 Domesday Geography of Midland England}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid15551356 ,}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 pp. 94-98 and maps pp. 96-97.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Welshmen were not confined to Welsh areas in 1086: they are found in the Golden Valley, at Eardisley in Elsdon Hundred and at Cleeve in Bromsash}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Hundred}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 . Welsh renders of sheep and honey are generally found within Archenfield or just over its borders}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ; see }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid15551356 Domesday Geography of Midland England}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid15551356 ,}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 p. 75}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 . Hides having Welsh rather than English customs}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 are found at 'Westwood' (1,61),}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Brockhampton (2,15) and in the Golden Valley (2,56).}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 \par \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid15551356 T}{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050 HE WELSH BORDER: HISTORY}{\b\insrsid15344050\charrsid15551356 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 The known history of the Welsh border in the eleventh century explains many of the entries in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 .}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 In 1086 the c}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ounty still bore the scars of forty years of turbulence featuring on the one hand the}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 rise of powerful figures in Wales who overran and amalgamated Welsh kingdoms and on the other}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 the ambitions of King}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Edward and}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 King}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 William and the Norman families that they established on the}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 border.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Ever since Offa had constructed his Dyke in the eighth century, periods of peace, such as when King Athelst an (927-939) received homage from Welsh princes at Hereford, alternated with times of border raiding and warfare. In the mid-eleventh century the major}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Welsh figure was Gruffydd ap Ll}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ywelyn ap Seisyll, ruler of Gwynedd from 1039 and of Powys probably from the same date. By 1044, after a long campaign, he had dislodged from the kingdom of Deheubarth}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ,}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 in the south}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 ,}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 King Hywel ab Edwin and his successor Gruffydd ap Rhydderch ab Iestyn. He had already, in 1039, attacked a Mercian army at Rhyd y Groes ar Hafren, a ford near Welshpool, and there killed Edwin, brother of Earl Leofric of Mercia.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab By 1042 responsibility for the English frontier had passed to Earl Swein, Godwin's eldest son. In 1046, by invading South}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Wales, he helped Gruffydd ap Ll}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ywelyn resist Gruffydd ap Rhydderch's attempt to restore himself to the kingdom of Deheubarth. It was on his return from this campaign that Swein made Edith, Abbess of Leominster, his mistress (1,10a }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 Leominster }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note).}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Gruffydd ap Rhydderch soon counter-attacked and in 1047 seems to ha}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ve ambushed Gruffydd ap Lly}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 welyn and restored himself to Deheubarth, driving his rival back to his northern kingdoms.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab The southern Gruffydd had greater ambitions. In 1049, allied with Danish pirates, he attacked Gwent Is Coed, which since 1043 had been ruled by Cadwgan of the house of Morgannwg. Gruffydd's expedition took him into the Forest of Dean and to the English manor of Tidenham lying on the west bank of the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 River }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Severn. The English response, consisting of men from Hereford and Gloucester led by Aldred (Bishop of Worcester since 1047), was surprised and defeated. \par \tab This reverse, and the frequent border raids of both Kings Gruffydd, seem to have led to a new frontier policy on the part of the English king, Edward the Confessor (1042-1066): Earl Swein was replaced by an Anglo-Norman, Earl Ralph (the Timid) of Mantes, son of Count Drogo of the Vexin and of King Edward's sister, Goda. At the sam}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 e time, the first Normans, }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 men}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 such}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 as Osbern Pentecost and Richard Scrope, were probably settled on the frontier, and at}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 least one castle was erected: }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Pentecost Castle, predecessor of Ewyas Harold (19,1 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Ewyas }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note). This castle was intended to be .unwelcome to the Welsh, but the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid8741396 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ('E' Version) vividly recalls the injuries and insults that the 'Frenchmen' also heaped on the English king's men in the area.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab These border arrangements were soon tested, for in 1052, Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, probably invadi}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ng from the north, harried the c}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 o unty as far as Leominster and was resisted by English and 'Frenchmen from the Castle'. Then in 1053, the other Gruffydd }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 (Gruffydd ap Rhydderch) }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 made an attack o}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 n the English manor of Westbury-on-}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Severn }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 (SO}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 7113) killing the border guards. Two years later Gr uffydd ap Llywelyn had Gruffydd ap Rhydderch murdered and was at last able to secure Deheubarth. Moreover in 1055, the turbulence of the English earls played into his hands. Algar, Earl of East Anglia and son of Earl Leofric (see 10,58 }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 Algar }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note), was banished by King Edward and fled first to Ireland whence he returned with a Danish fleet and then sought help from Gruffydd}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ap Llywelyn. The English, under Earl Ralph, opposed him, but being ordered to fight on horse\-back contrary to custom, they were quickly routed. The Welsh swept to Hereford, sac}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ked the city and plundered the c}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 athedral. It was probably at this time that Archenfield was devastated by Gruffydd and his successor Bleddyn, angered that it was already under some form of English control or friendl y to the English (1,49 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Gruffydd }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note).}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15344050 \cbpat8 {\cf1\insrsid15344050 \tab Earl Harold mobiliz}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ed the English response to avenge the ravaging: in the same year, levies were assembled at Gloucester and with them he penetrated into Wales, pitching his camp }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ultra Straddele}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ,}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 that is, beyond the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 River}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Dore (2,54 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Stradel }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note), but no success is reported and he seems to have given more thought to defence, fortifying the city of Hereford against further attacks, and to peace which was made with Gruffydd at a meeting at }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Biligesleagea }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 , probably 'Billingsley' (fir}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 st edition }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Ordnance Survey one-inch map at SO}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 5333) near Bolstone in Archenfield. Earl Algar was recalled and reinstated. But the peace was short, for Aethelstan, Bishop of Hereford (who died i}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 n 1056), had been succeeded as b}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ishop by a soldier, Leofgar, who wasted no time in invading Wales and attacking Gruffydd above Glasbury. In the encounter, Gruffydd wa}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 s victorious, killing both the bishop and Alnoth the s}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 heriff.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx8647\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15344050 \cbpat8 {\cf1\insrsid15344050 \tab As a result, Earl}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Leofric and }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Earl }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Harold (the latter having formally succeeded Earl Ralph as Earl of Hereford on Ralph's death in 1057) with Bishop Aldred (now since 1056 Bishop of Hereford as well as of Worcester) came to make }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 peace with Gruffydd. The Welsh k}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ing may well have been allowed to retain some of his conquests and in addition he was granted by King Edward land that had belonged to the Bishop of Chester (}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 CHS B7}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ) and may possibly be the Gruffydd who administered land in Gwent under King William (}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 GLS W4}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ). He married Aldith daughter of Ear}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 l Algar at about this time (see WAR }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 6,5; she later married Harold) and swore to be a faithful under-king to}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 King}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Edward.}{ \insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Peace followed, punctuated in 1058 by the second exile of Earl Algar and his reappearance in alliance with Gruffydd and Magnus son of Harold Hardrada of Norway. Gruffydd al so proceeded to extend his power into Wales, attempting to control Gwent and Morgannwg, ruled over by Meurig ab Hywel and his son Cadwgan. On the death of the former, }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid10370685 c}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 .1060, Gruffydd finally seized Gwent. Then in 1062, Gruffydd again renewed his devastations in England and in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 reply, the following year, Earl}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Harold and}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Earl}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Tosti attacked Wales simultaneously by land and sea. They failed to capture Gruffydd at Rhuddlan, but he was driven beyond his own kingdoms of Gwynedd and Powys and killed by his own men . The men of Gwent and Morgannwg had probably sided with Harold against him in the final conflict.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Although Gruffydd's devastations had left scars deep into Herefordshire and Shropshire, his death changed the political geography of Wales, and his empire w as dismembered. His kingdoms of Gwynedd and Powys fell to his step-brothers Bleddyn (died 1075) and Rhiwallon (died }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid10370685 c}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 .1070), the sons of Cyfyn}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ap Gwerstan by Angharad the widow of Llywelyn ap Seisyll; Deheubarth returned to a nephew of Hywel ab Edwin named Maredudd ab Owain ab Edwin, the King Maredudd (father}{\insrsid15344050 }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 of another Gruffydd) of Domesday. Cadwgan ap Meurig regained Morgannwg and Caradoc son of Gruffydd ap Rhydd}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 erch succeeded to Gwynllwg and U}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 pper Gwent.}{ \insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab At first these kings ruled as clients of King Edward and it was probably during this period that the English penetration of Archenfield was intensified, and the first moves were made into Gwent.}{ \insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab But the frontier was not to be secured so easily. In 1065 Ca radoc ap Gruffydd ap Rhydderch suddenly fell on an English party under Earl Harold that was establishing a toe-hold in Gwent by building a hunting lodge at Portskewett }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 (ST}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 5088) on the banks of the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 River }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Severn, west of the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 River Wye. Further north, Edric the w}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ild, nephew of Edric Streona (see 9,3 }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 Edric }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note), in allianc}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 e with King}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Bleddyn and }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 King }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Rhiwallon, invaded Herefordshire and devastated the land as far south as the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 River}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Lugg, although repeatedly attacked by Richard Scrope. Again in 1069, Edric, now joined by Earl Edwin of Mercia and his brother Earl Morcar in alliance with King Bleddyn, revolted against King William. Although Edwin soon made his peace, the rest laid siege to Shrewsbury Castle.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab The siege was relieved by William son of Osbern, one of the men whom King William speedily appointed to hold the troublesome frontier. In the north, the Norman king appointed Gherbod, his Flemish supporter, as Earl of Chester, rapidly succeeded by Hugh of Avranches. The earldom of Shrewsbury and the middle Ma rch were entrusted to Roger }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid12391815 of Montgommery}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ; the long southern frontier, where Wales marched with Herefordshire and Gloucestershire, was given to William son of Osbern.}{ \insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab William's value to his master is shown in his dual appointment to the Isle of Wight }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid13642052 (Orderic Vitalis, }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid13642052 Ecclesiastical History}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid13642052 : Chibnall}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid12391815 , ii. pp. 260-61)}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and to the Welsh Border. Like his northern neighbour, Earl Roger, he was a }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 '}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 palatine}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ' e}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 arl, acting with royal authority on the Welsh border: he is found administering the royal manors of Heref ordshire and granting their tithes, churches and small pieces of their lands to his monastic foundations at Lyre and Cormeilles in Normandy. It is he who received the rev}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 enues of the c}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ity of Hereford}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 in the k}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ing's place and granted land directly to his followers and support}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ers: Ralph of Bernay (sometime s}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 heriff of Herefordshire), }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 T}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 urstin" }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 of Flanders, Alfred of Marlborough, Walter of Lacy, Gilbert son of T}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 urold}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 , Ewen the Breton, }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Hugh the ass}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and Ansfrid of Cormeilles.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab His short tenure of office and the fact that his son rebelled and forfeited his lands have obscured much of the detail of his authority and acts; but his }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 '}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 palatine}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 '}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 power extended into Gloucestershire, and perhaps in an attenuated form into Worcestershire. Thus he held Gloucester city; he is found active in Gwent in the extreme south of Wales, where the frontier touches Gloucestershire, allocating 50 ca}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 rucates of land to Ralph of Lim\'e9}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 sy and building Chepstow Castle (}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 GLS W16. S1}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ); he administered or held royal land in Gloucestershire and drew the revenues of }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 some }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Worcestershire and Gloucestershire manors into Herefordshire (1,39-47).}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab His brief rule, terminated by his death abroad in 1071, was active. Three aspects are worthy of note. Firstly, he constructed castles (see }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 \{Introduction: Castles\}}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ), those at Clifford, Wigmore, Chepstow and Monmouth being certainly due to him. He also refortified Ewyas Harold (19,1 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Ewyas }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note).}{ \insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Secondly, he established on the frontier families who were to be the bulwark against the Welsh: the Lacys, the Cliffords an d the Mortimers, who could count on the support of an earlier generation of Normans such as Richard Scrope and his son Osbern, and Alfred of Marlborough, settled there by King Edward, and of the French burgesses whom he}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 welcomed to Hereford and to who}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 m he gave the customs of his own city of Breteuil (C 14 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 burgesses }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note).}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Thirdly, his policy was aggressive: he moved into Brycheiniog and Gwent in South Wales attacking Maredudd ab Owain and his brother Rhys of Deheubarth and Cadwgan ap Meurig of Morgannwg. W ith the advance came territorial gains and a treaty. Gwent was overrun and given, then or later, a new castle}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 at Caerleon on its weste}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 rn edge. By 1086 it was, like Archenfield, still partly Welsh, with a number of village}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 s administered by Welsh reeves (GLS W2}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ), and partly in the hands of Norman holders.}{ \insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab The treaty was with Maredudd ab Owain who seems to have allowed the English conquest of Gwent and to have been rewarded by the grant of lands in England, most of them later held by his son Gruffydd ( 29,1. }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 HEF }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 31).}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 \tab }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Earl William's death, his son's r}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 evolt and the fact that no new e}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 arl was created slowed the Norman advance on the southern March and the next major thrust (into Ewias and on into mid-Wales) was only beginning in 1086.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Within Wales, however, matters did not remain static. Caradoc ap Gruffydd ap Rhydderch, ruler of Gwynllwg, and his son Rhydderch, who held some of his lands as under-king, had not submitted to Earl William. In } {\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid10370685 c}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 .1071, with Norman help, they slew Maredudd ab Owain on the}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 banks of the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 River}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Rhymney and soon moved into Morgannwg displacing Cadwgan ap Meurig. Deheubarth was briefly ruled by Maredudd's brother Rhys ab Owain, then from 1078 by Rhys ap Tewdwr. Rhys was under constant pressure from Cadwgan, and meanwhile the men of the}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 Earl of Shrewsbury had in 1073-1074}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ravaged Ceredigion on his northern border. In 1081 Rhys fled to }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 St}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Davids and there he seems to have met King William who led an expedition into Wales 'and set many free'. Whatever William's objective, religious or political, he seems to have returned to England having made peace with Rhys; the latter's annual payment } {\cf1\insrsid15344050 is recorded in Domesday (A}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 10). Rhys, in alliance with Gruffydd ap Cynan the deposed ruler of Gwynedd, proceeded to defeat Caradoc at Mynydd Cam.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab The peace that followed allowed the frontier to be consolidated. Many of the men enfeoffed by Earl William had their lands confirmed by King William and are found as tenants-in-chief in Domesday. The Golden Valley}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 and}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Elsdon}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Hundred}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "Hezetre"}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Hundred }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 begin to recover. Roger of Lacy is found in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 inviting settlers on to wasted land (10,43 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 settle }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note).}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab During this period, major advances into Wales were made }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 from Cheshire and Shropshire; see SHR \{Introduction: History\}. However,}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 even in the south the lull was temporar}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 y. In 1088 Bernard of Neufmarch\'e9}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 began the conquest of Brycheiniog. In 1091, Rhys killed Gruffydd son of Maredudd ab Owain at Llan Dudoch as he attempted to recover the throne of Deheubarth. Then in 1093 Rhys himself was killed after attacking some Normans }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid12391815 engaged in fortress building in Brycheiniog. At the same time, Roger of Montgommery}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 was conquering Ceredigion and Dyfed while Glamorgan was falling to Roger son of Ha}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 i}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 mo. The result was the establishment within Wales of a network of Norman castles and of the first Marcher lordships.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 (The main Welsh sources for the period are the }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 Brut y Tywysogyon}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 ,}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid7547023 Book of Llan D\'e2v}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 , the }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 Annales Cambriae }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 and the }{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 Brenhinedd y Saesson}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 .}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 Important English or Norman sources are the }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid7547023 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 , John of Worcester, }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 Chronicle }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 (which expands the account of the }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid7547023 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 ) and Orderic Vitalis, }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 Ecclesiastical History}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 . Good modern studies are Edwards, \lquote Normans and the Welsh March\rquote ; Lloyd, }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 History of Wales}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 ; Nelson, }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 Normans in South Wales}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 ; Walker, }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 The Norman Conquerors }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 (which has a useful }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid5702990 bibliography); Walker, 'Norman Settlement in Wales\rquote ; the 'Introduction to the Domesday Survey' and 'Political History' of Herefordshire in}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid5702990 VCH Herefordshire}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid5702990 , i. pp. 347-58. There are}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 valuable articles by Douglas, \lquote Ancestors of William Fitz Osbern\rquote }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ;}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 Wightman, \lquote Palatine }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 Earldom of William Fitz Osbern\rquote ; }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 Walker, \lquote William Fitz Osbern\rquote ; see also Round in }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 Feudal England}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 , pp. 320-}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 26. Lloyd's article}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ,}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 'Wales and the Coming of the Normans'}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ,}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 contains a fuller version of material later incorporated in his }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 History of Wales}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 and an appendix giving parallel texts of the }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 Annales Cambriae }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 for the period. A useful historical map is provided by Rees, }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 Map of South Wales and the Border in the Fourteenth Century}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 .}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 )}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2631854 \par \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050 CASTLES}{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid15551356 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 The erection of castles was an essential part of the Norman defensive plan. At least one, probab}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ly Ewyas Harold (19,1 Ewyas note}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ), and possibly a second, Richards Castle, had been built by Norman settlers under Edward the Confessor, while most of the remaining castles noticed in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday Hereford}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 shire are due to Earl William.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Castles were a useful springboard for attacks launched into enemy territory; they provided a safe retreat in the case of invasions s}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 uch as had earlier ravaged the c}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ounty; they could supervise strategically important passes, valley-junctions, river-crossings or roads, and a chain of them could be used as bases from which to patrol a frontier or to consolidate newly-won territory.} {\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Five castles, Wigmore (9,1), Richards Castle (24,13), Clifford Castle (8,1), Ewyas Harold (19,1) and Monmouth (1,48), are mentioned in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 , and the existence of Caerleon (14,1) is implied}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ,}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 though only its 'castlery' is surveyed. Chepstow Castle, also built by Earl William, is described in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Glo}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ucestershire (GLS S1}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ). Of the six castles mentioned or implied in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Herefordshire, all except the two northernmost (Wigmore and Richards Castle) and Chepstow in the south lie on a line that marks approximately the boundary of land held in 1086.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab From the detail that }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 supplies, some major facts and differences emerge. Firstly, the castles were differently placed in relation to the county boundary. Some, such as Richards Castle, Clifford and Wigmore, were built on land long settled by the En glish. At Wigmore the land is hidated; the castlery of Richards Castle (and probably the castle itself) was measured in hides (12,2), while for Clifford a }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 T}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 .}{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 R}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 .}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 E}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 . holder is given. Moreover, Wigmore is inclu}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ded in the text under a normal h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undred heading and one should probably be supplied}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 for Richards Castle (24,13}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ). These two castles thus fell, like Dudley Castle in Wor}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 cestershire, within the normal hundredal organiz}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ation of the}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 c}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ounty. The land of Clifford Castle, on the other hand, is explicitly }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 said to be not subject to any h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undred or customary due, although 'in the Kingdom of England'.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Other castles were built on or over the border in unhidated land. Ewyas Harold, if correctly identified with Pentecost Castle (19,1 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Ewyas }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note), was built on land seized b y the English before 1066 but not hidated. The remaining castles, Monmouth and Caerleon, were beyond the English border and lay in land that had been Welsh in Edward the Confessor's reign. They were erected under King William to complete the conquest of G went and the consolidation of Archenfield. Earl William is said by }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 to have built Clifford and Wigmore and to have refortified Ewyas Harold. The Gloucestershire folios record his construction of Chepstow Castle and there is other evidence that he built that at Monmouth (1,48 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Monmouth }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note).}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Secondly, except in the case of Wigmore and Richards Castle, castle land is measured not in hides but in 'carucates', or, in}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 an alternative expression, as 'land for }{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050 n}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ploughs'. This team}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 land formula is found in association with the hide in the south-western counties, but is used on its own of land newly}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 acquired by the Normans (GLS W6-19}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ) or of land not liable to a tax assessment (see 1,48 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 caructes note and compare 7,2}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ).}{ \insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Thirdly, the growth of a borough appurtenant to a castle can be seen in the mention of a }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 burgus }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 or burgesses at Cliffor}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 d and Wigmore and of messuages}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid3548035 (}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 mansurae}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ; see}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 C}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 3 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 messuage }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note) at Ewyas Harold (13,2).}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Fourthly, most castles had land subject to them: Monmouth (1,48), Clifford (8,1}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 . }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 10,3), Ca erleon (14,1), Ewyas Harold (2,2. 10,1. 13,2), and Richards Castle (12,2). In the case of all except the first, the land is described as in a 'castlery' }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid3548035 (}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 castellaria}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid3548035 )}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 .}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 The word is rare in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 , being used of}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 the castles of}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Hastings, Richmond, Montgomery and }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Dudley}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 , and, in the form }{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 castellatio}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 , of Lewes. It refers to land rather like the outlier of a manor, administered di}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 rectly by the castle; see }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 VCH Herefordshire}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 , i. pp. 272-73}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 . While some castlery land, like}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 some castles, lay outside the h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undred, that of Ewyas Harold and of Richards Castle is said to lie in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Cute}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 s}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 torn}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 es"}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Hundred. These castles lay on opposite sides of Herefordshire, and }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "Cutestornes"}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Hundred lay midway between, but adjacent to neither. The land of Dudley Castle at Bellington in Worcestershire (}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 WOR }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 23,14) is nine miles away from the castle and there is strategic sense in a frontier area in having castlery land on which the castle might be dependent for food and supplies away from the border that was liable to be pillaged. The concept of land dependent on the castle, but remote from it, is one way of explaining why Caerleon's castlery is entered in the Herefordshire folios, rather than in those for Gloucestershire, and why the land is said to be waste }{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 T}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 .}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 R}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 .}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 E}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ., probably before the English h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ad penetrated as far as the River Usk; see \{Introduction: the Welsh Border: History\} and 14,1 castlery note}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 .}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab On the other hand, the land in the castlery of Ewyas}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Harold has Welsh customs (10,1-}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 2. 13,2) suggesting proximity to the border, and la nd at Didley and }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid13658441 Stane}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 (2,2) is said to have been taken into this castlery, thus locating it near the castle. This implies either the existence of a detached part of }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "Cutestornes"}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Hundred or a purely notion}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 al arrangement 'to make up the h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undred' as is found in the addition of lands to Fishborough Hundred in Worc}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 estershire (WOR }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 10,2).}{ \insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab In 1086 the castles will have been of varying strategic value. At the northern end, Wigmore Castle stood well back from the frontier, in this case the boundary between Shrop shire and Wales, but it guarded the major north-south Roman road and could oversee the confluence of the rivers Teme and Clun where they descend from the Welsh highlands. This was an area of Herefordshire and Shropshire heavily laid waste, probably by the Welsh incursion of 1052 which nearly reached Leominster, and by the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 raid of Edric the wild in 1067; see the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 maps in }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid15551356 Domesday Geography of Midland England}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid15551356 ,}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 pp. 96-}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 9}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 7; 146-}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 4}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 8).}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Richards Castle stood on the south-eastern edge of the same devastated area. In 1086, as south-western Shropshire recovered, its military value will have been replaced by Wigmore and probably for this reason it is not described in detail, nor at the head of a chapter. Since it is held by Osbern, whose father Richard Scrope had come t o England under }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Edward }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 the Confessor, it is possible that it was erected before 1066, as a part of the stabilising and reconstruction of the area after the Welsh invasion of 1052 and to prevent further penetration down the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 River }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Teme should the Welsh overrun the Long Mynd and Wenlock Edge in Shropshire.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Clifford Castle on the other hand was a site of major importance. Lying on the line of Offa's Dyke, it blocked the important valley of the}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 River}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Wye and its tributaries where they entered Hereford\-shire from the directions of Brecon and Builth. In conjunction with Ewyas Harold it could ensure that the area between the Black Mountains and the Golden Valley was peaceful.}{ \insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Ewyas Harold at the confluence of the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 River }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Dore and }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 the River Monnow}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 blocked another major invasion route up the valley from Abergavenny. The conquest of the Welsh commote of Ewias was already in prospect and Roger of Lacy's holding at Ewias Lacy (10,2; now Longtown), which did not bel}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ong to the castlery nor to the h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undred, represents the earliest steps towards the erection of a castle and of the Norman push into mid-Wales.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Monmouth Castle at the junction of the}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 River}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Wye and }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 River }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Monnow, constructed on the Welsh side of both, will have served the conquest of Gwent and the consolidation of Archenfield and will have helped resist ravages of the type inflicted by Bleddyn and King Gruffydd before 1066 (1,49 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Gruffydd }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note). In the south , Caerleon would also help the settlement of Gwent and it stood in the way of any Welsh army attempting to attack from the flat land of Glamorgan. Its construction under Earl William or soon after will have demoted Chepstow Castle to a secondary defence.} {\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab The long gap between Wigmore}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Castl}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid12540769 e and Clifford Castle was partly filled by two }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid12540769 domus defensabiles }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid12540769 ('defendable houses')}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 near Eardisley (10,46. 25,9) and there may well have been other similar arrangements not mentioned in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 . The major penetration of Wales under William Rufus blocked other gaps, for instance at Brecon and Abergavenny.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab The Herefordshire castl}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 es are usefully surveyed in }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4194697 Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (Herefordshire)}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4194697 , }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 iii}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 .}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 pp. lxii-lxiii.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 \par \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050 THE COUNTY BOUNDARY}{\b\insrsid15344050\charrsid15551356 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Discussion of the complexiti}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 es of the Welsh border (\{Introduction: the Welsh Border: Political Geography\}}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 has not taken into account the}{ \insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 relationship of Herefordshire to other English counties in 1086 and later.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Whereas the shires in the southern part of the country were formed at an early date, all those south of the Thames being mentioned in the Parker manuscript of the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid1376873 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 before 892, the Mercian shires are not recorded therein before the early eleventh century, mostly before 1016, although by chan ce the first mention of Herefordshire is in 1048. In fact, the shires between the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 river }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Thames and the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 River }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Humber were artificially created units, apparently of 1200 hides, or multiples, mapped out for the provision of men and ships in order to }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 expel the Danes in the early eleventh}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 century. This regular pattern stands out clearly in the}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 County Hidage (see Maitland, }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid3548035 Domesday Book and Beyond}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 , p. 456) and may have }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 been the work of Edric Streona, ea}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ldorman of Mercia; see Finberg, }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid13658441 Gloucestershire Studies}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 , pp. 17-51}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 .}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Even in 1086, however, the boundary between Herefordshire and Gloucestershire had not been finally established. In the so}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 uth, the area between the rivers}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Leadon and}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Wye and Severn and Wye, including the Forest of Dean, seems initially to have been in Herefordshire, the first boundary with Gloucestershire being the line of Bishop Aethelstan's Survey (Pembroke C}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ollege, MS 302; see }{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050 Early Charters of the West Midlands}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 , pp. 225-}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 27), that is, the limit of Herefordshire diocese. Before 1086 the Forest of Dean}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 and some h}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undreds had been transferred into Gloucestershire, and the whole was finally joined to Gloucestershire for secular purposes by the twelfth century, although ec clesiastically the parishes remained in Hereford diocese until 1542. This much is clear, even though there is some confusion about which Upleadon is meant by Hemming when he records it as lying in Herefordshire (10,5 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Ocle }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note).}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab By 1086, some places in th is area were in Gloucestershire, leaving Alvington in the south as a detached part of Herefordshire. The process continued and by the twelfth century 'Newarne', Redbrook, Ruardean, Staunton and 'Whippington' had been transferred fully into Gloucestershire . Domesday records some transfers as incomplete: 'Newarne' (1,72) had been transferred into Gloucestershire where it remained, though it is listed in the Herefordshire folios, while Kingstone (3,1) is said to pay tax and do service in Gloucestershire, but to come to meetings in Bromsash Hundred in Herefordshire. Kingstone in fact has remained in Herefordshire.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 \tab In this area of the c}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ounty, a much later change has affected Lea, the southern half of which (Lower Lea) was transferred from Gloucestershire to Herefordshire in 1844.}{ \insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Minor changes have also been made on the southern boundary where Archenfield touched Mon}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 mouthshire. Here, four places - }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Welsh Bicknor (an outlier of Monmouthshire within Herefo}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 rdshire until 1845), Ganarew, Ll}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 anrothal and Tregate}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 , all in the Welsh c}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ommote }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 of Monmouth in the Middle Ages -}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 were probably among the unnamed villages of Gwent Is Coed mentioned in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 Gloucestershire}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 (}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 GLS W}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 2 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 villages }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid14761225 note}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ). They are now in Herefordshire.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab I}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 n the north-west corner of the c}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ounty, the boundary between Herefordshire and Shropshire was probably at first the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 River}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Lugg (although Cascob, later in Radnorshire, was surveyed in both counties). It then perhaps followed the tributary of the Lugg north of Aymestrey, skirting }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Lower Lye (see 1,10c Lye note}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ), then crossing north of Wigmore to follow the Roman road or the}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\insrsid15344050 River }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Clun}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 , but passing to the east of Leintwardine. Shortly after the date of }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 this area came into the Marcher lordship of the Mortimers, based on Wigmore, and a doz}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 en places (Adforton, Adley, Brampton Bryan, Buckton, Leintwardine, Letton, Lingen, Upper Lye, Pedwardine, Shirley, 'Stanway', }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid14761225 'Tumberland'}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 and Walford}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ) that were surveyed under Shropshire in 1086 (most }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 then held }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 by Ralph of Mortimer) were drawn into Herefordshire and were fully incorpo}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 rated by the fourteen}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 th century. They later formed part of the Hund}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 red of Wigmore; see \{Introduction: Hundreds\}}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 .}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Nineteenth}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 -century and twentieth-}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 century Boundary Orders ha}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ve made further changes to the c}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ounty. The Herefordshire boundary with Shropshire south of Ludlow was probably in 1086 marked by the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 River Teme. Before the nineteen}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 th century part of Ludford was already in Shropshire and in 1901 the rest of the parish, together with Ashford Bowdler (not mentioned in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ) and a part of Richards Castle (12,2 }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 castle }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note), was transferred to Shropshire. Farlow, a detached part of Herefordshire in 1086, was transferred to Shropshire in 1844.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab On the boundary with Worcestershire, Rochford was transferred from Herefordshire in 1837 and Stoke Bliss in 1897. These two villages will, in 1086, have nearly severed from Worcestershire a part of Doddingtree Hundred which may origina}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 lly have been in Herefordshire; }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid12540769 see WOR \{Introduction: Hundreds\}.}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Part of the Worcestershire villages of Hanley Child and Hanley William was probably in Herefor}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 dshire in 1086 (10,75 Hanley note}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ).}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Transferred from Worcestershire to Herefordshire were Edvin Loach (formerly a de tached portion of Worcestershire) in 1893, Acton Beauchamp in 1897 and in the same year a part of Mathon, the rest of the village having been in Herefordshi}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 re in 1086 (see 10,39 Mathon note}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ).}{ \insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Even where the later changes are well documented, the 1086 county boundary is still unclear at some points: in the region of Hanley where it touched Worcestershire on the southern edge of Mathon (10,39 }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 Mathon }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note); in the Forest of Dean where it bordered Gloucestershire and in the area south of Ledbury. Here the 1086 boundary skirting the Gloucestershire manors of Preston and Dymock seems to have severed Much Marcle, }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid11561251 Turlestane}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ,}{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 an}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 d Bickerton from the rest of}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "Wimundestreu"}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Hundred.}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 \par \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ts17\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr \brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3168\clshdrawnil \cellx3051\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2539\clshdrawnil \cellx5569\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2880\clshdrawnil \cellx8417\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\tx284\tx720\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid7734556\yts17 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid15344050\charrsid7098607 PLACE\cell 1086\cell LATER\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15344050\charrsid7098607 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\ts17\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr \brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3168\clshdrawnil \cellx3051\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2539\clshdrawnil \cellx5569\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2880\clshdrawnil \cellx8417\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\tx284\tx720\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid7734556\yts17 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\b\fs20\insrsid15344050\charrsid4615687 Herefordshire/Gloucestershire Border \par }{\fs20\insrsid15344050\charrsid4615687 ALVINGTON (HEF 17,1) \par \par \par 'NEWARNE' (HEF 1,72) \par \par \par \par \par \par REDBROOK}{\fs20\insrsid15344050 }{\fs20\insrsid15344050\charrsid4615687 (HEF 1,73) \par \par \par RUARDEAN (HEF 15,2) \par \par \par STAUNTON (HEF 1,74) \par \par \par 'WHIPPINGTON' (HEF 2,22) \par \cell \par \par In Herefordshire \par \par \par In Herefordshire (Bromsash Hundred), but had been transferred to Gloucestershire 'in Earl William's time' \par \par In Herefordshire \par \par \par In Herefordshire \par \par \par In Herefordshire \par \par \par In Herefordshire\cell \par \par To Glouces}{\fs20\insrsid15344050 tershire by the twelfth century}{\fs20\insrsid15344050\charrsid4615687 \par \par To Gloucestershire by the twelfth century \par \par \par \par \par To Gloucestershire by the twelfth century \par \par To Gloucestershire by the twelfth century \par \par To Gloucestershire by the twelfth century \par \par To Gloucestershire by the twelfth century \par \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15344050\charrsid7098607 \trowd \irow1\irowband1 \ts17\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr \brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3168\clshdrawnil \cellx3051\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2539\clshdrawnil \cellx5569\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2880\clshdrawnil \cellx8417\row }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\tx284\tx720\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid7734556\yts17 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid15344050 Herefordshire/ Shropshire Border}{\b\insrsid15344050\charrsid7287883 }{\b\striked1\insrsid15344050\charrsid13839517 \par }{\insrsid15344050\charrsid7287883 ADFORTON (SHR 6,13) \par \par \par ADLEY (SHR 4,20,6. 6,27-28) \par \par \par BRAMPTON BRYAN (SHR 6,23) \par \par }{\insrsid15344050 \par }{\insrsid15344050\charrsid7287883 BUCKTON (SHR 6,21) \par \par \par FARLOW (HEF 1,10a. SHR 4,28,5) \par \par \par \par }{\insrsid15344050 \par \par }{\insrsid15344050\charrsid7287883 KINSHAM (SHR 5,4) \par \par \par LEINTWARDINE (SHR 4,20,20. 6,11) \par \par LETTON (SHR 6,18) \par \par \par LINGEN (SHR 6,14) \par \par \par }{\insrsid15344050 [UPPER]}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid7287883 LYE (SHR 6,16) \par \par \par LUDFORD (HEF 24,12) \par \par \par \par PEDWARDINE (SHR 6,24-26) \par \par \par SHIRLEY (SHR 6,15) \par \par \par 'STANWAY' (SHR 6,12) \par \par \par 'TUMBERLAND' (SHR 6,17) \par \par \par WALFORD (SHR 6,19-20) \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\tx284\tx720\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid7734556\yts17 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid15344050\charrsid7098607 \cell }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl \tx284\tx720\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid7734556\yts17 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15344050 \par }{\insrsid15344050\charrsid7287883 In Shropshire \par \par \par In Shropshire \par \par \par In Shropshire \par \par \par In Shropshire \par \par \par Part lay in a Shropshire hundred, but belonged to Leominster (Herefordshire) and assessed there, with the rest \par \par In Shropshire \par \par \par In Shropshire \par \par \par In Shropshire \par \par \par In Shropshire \par \par \par In Shropshire \par \par \par }{\insrsid15344050 In }{\insrsid15344050\charrsid7287883 Herefordshire \par \par \par \par In Shropshire \par \par \par In Shropshire \par \par \par In Shropshire \par \par \par In Shropshire \par \par \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\tx284\tx720\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid7734556\yts17 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15344050\charrsid7287883 In Shropshire}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid7098607 \cell }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\tx284\tx720\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid7734556\yts17 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15344050 \par }{\insrsid15344050\charrsid7287883 Drawn into a Marcher lordship; placed in Herefordshire in 1536 \par \par Drawn into a Marcher lordship; placed in Herefordshire in 1536 \par \par Drawn into a Marcher lordship; placed in Herefordshire in 1536 \par \par Drawn into a Marcher lordship; placed in Herefordshire in 1536 \par \par Transferred to Herefordshire probably in the twelfth century; returned to Shropshire in 1844 \par \par \par }{\insrsid15344050 \par }{\insrsid15344050\charrsid7287883 Drawn into a Marcher lordship; placed in Herefordshire in 1536 \par \par Drawn into a Marcher lordship; placed in Herefordshire in 1536 \par \par Drawn into a Marcher lordship; placed in Herefordshire in 1536 \par \par Drawn into a Marcher lordship; placed in Herefordshire in 1536 \par \par Drawn into a Marcher lordship; placed in Herefordshire in 1536 \par \par Part was transferred to Shropshire probably in the twelfth century; the rest in 1895 \par \par Drawn into a Marcher lordship; placed in Herefordshire in 1536 \par \par Drawn into a Marcher lordship; placed in Herefordshire in 1536 \par \par Drawn into a Marcher lordship; placed in Herefordshire in 1536 \par \par Drawn into a Marcher lordship; placed in Herefordshire in 1536 \par \par Drawn into a Marcher lordship; placed in Herefordshire in 1536 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\tx284\tx720\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid7734556\yts17 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15344050\charrsid7098607 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15344050\charrsid7098607 \trowd \irow2\irowband2\ts17\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr \brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3168\clshdrawnil \cellx3051\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2539\clshdrawnil \cellx5569\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2880\clshdrawnil \cellx8417\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\tx284\tx720\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid7734556\yts17 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\b\fs20\insrsid15344050\charrsid14747687 Border with Wales \par }{\fs20\insrsid15344050\charrsid14747687 \par (WELSH BICKNOR \par \par \par CASCOB (HEF 24,3. SHR 5,6 \par \par \par \par \par \par (GANAREW \par \par (LLANROTHAL \par \par (TREGATE \par \par \cell \par \par In Wales \par \par \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\tx284\tx720\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid7734556\yts17 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15344050\charrsid14747687 Part in Shropshire, part in Herefordshire (possibly duplicated) \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\tx284\tx720\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid7734556\yts17 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid15344050\charrsid14747687 \par \par \par In Wales \par \par In Wales \par \par In Wales\cell \par \par To Monmouthshire; to Herefordshire in 1844 \par \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\tx284\tx720\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid7734556\yts17 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15344050\charrsid14747687 Most was drawn into a Marcher lordship; placed in Radnorshire in 1536; part remained in Herefordshire; to Radnorshire in 1844 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\tx284\tx720\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid7734556\yts17 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid15344050\charrsid14747687 \par To Herefordshire \par \par To Herefordshire \par \par To Herefordshire\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15344050\charrsid14747687 \trowd \irow3\irowband3\ts17\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr \brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3168\clshdrawnil \cellx3051\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2539\clshdrawnil \cellx5569\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2880\clshdrawnil \cellx8417\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\tx284\tx720\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid7734556\yts17 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\b\fs20\insrsid15344050\charrsid14747687 Herefordshire/ Worcestershire border \par }{\fs20\insrsid15344050\charrsid14747687 \par }{\fs20\insrsid15344050\charrsid10841453 ACTON BEAUCHAMP (WOR 11,1) \par \par EDVIN LOACH (WOR 19,11) \par \par MATHON (HEF 10,39. 23,6. WOR 9,6) \par \par \par ROCHFORD (HEF 22,5. 23,1) \par \par STOKE BLISS (HEF 31,6)}{\fs20\insrsid15344050 \par }{\fs20\insrsid15344050\charrsid14747687 \cell \par \par \par In Worcestershire \par \par }{\fs20\insrsid15344050 \par }{\fs20\insrsid15344050\charrsid14747687 In Worcestershire \par \par Divided between Herefordshire and Worcestershire \par }{\fs20\insrsid15344050 \par }{\fs20\insrsid15344050\charrsid14747687 In Herefordshire \par \par In Herefordshire \par \cell \par \par \par To Herefordshire in 1897 \par \par }{\fs20\insrsid15344050 \par }{\fs20\insrsid15344050\charrsid14747687 To Herefordshire in 1893 \par \par The Worcestershire portion was transferred to Herefordshire in 1897 \par \par To Worcestershire in 1837 \par \par To Worcestershire in 1897 \par \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15344050\charrsid14747687 \trowd \irow4\irowband4\lastrow \ts17\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr \brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3168\clshdrawnil \cellx3051\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2539\clshdrawnil \cellx5569\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2880\clshdrawnil \cellx8417\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar \tx284\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15344050 {\fs20\insrsid15344050\charrsid14747687 The dates of boundary changes are derived from Youngs, }{\i\fs20\insrsid15344050\charrsid14747687 Local Administrative Units}{ \fs20\insrsid15344050\charrsid14747687 , ii. }{\i\fs20\insrsid15344050\charrsid14747687 passim \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx8647\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15344050 \cbpat8 {\cf1\insrsid15344050 \par \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid15551356 H}{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050 UNDREDS}{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid15551356 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 For this edition, the form of some hundred names has been changed. Hundred names in double inverted commas are not found after 1086. Those in single inverted commas are named from places that are no longer on modern maps. Names in square brackets are not specifically said to be those of hundreds by Domesday, but are assumed to h ave existed in 1086:}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2184116 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15344050 {\fs20\insrsid15344050\charrsid4417191 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ts17\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4428\clshdrawnil \cellx4148\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4428\clshdrawnil \cellx8417\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\tx720\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid7734556\yts17 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid15344050\charrsid4417191 Phillimore printed edition\cell This revision\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid15344050\charrsid4417191 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\ts17\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl \brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4428\clshdrawnil \cellx4148\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4428\clshdrawnil \cellx8417\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\tx720\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid7734556\yts17 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid15344050\charrsid4417191 \par Bromsash \par Cutsthorn \par Dinedor \par Elsdon \par GoldenValley \par Greytree \par Hazeltree \par Lene \par Leominster \par Plegelgete \par Radlow \par Sellack \par Staple \par Stretford \par Thornelaw \par Winstree \par Wolphy \par Wormelow \par \par \cell \par Bromsash \par "Cutestornes" \par Dinedor \par Elsdon \par Stradel Hundred, Stradel Valley \par 'Greytree' \par "Hezetre" \par "Lene" \par [Leominster] \par "Plegelgete" \par Radlow \par Sellack \par "Stepleset" \par Stretford \par "Tornelaus" \par "Wimundestreu" \par 'Wolfhay' \par Wormelow \par }{\b\fs20\insrsid15344050\charrsid4417191 \par }{\fs20\insrsid15344050\charrsid4417191 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid15344050\charrsid4417191 \trowd \irow1\irowband1\lastrow \ts17\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4428\clshdrawnil \cellx4148\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4428\clshdrawnil \cellx8417\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar \tx284\tx720\tx8647\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15344050 \cbpat8 {\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 The Domesday pattern of h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undreds d}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 iffered both from the medieval hundredal arrangement of the c}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ounty as represented in the }{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Nomina Villarum }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 of 1316 (}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid15551356 Feudal Aids}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 , ii. pp. 382-90) and the later organiz}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ation that survived into the nineteenth century.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 \tab The 1086 c}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ounty contained two Welsh areas (Ewias and Archenfield) only partially incorporated; the scattered 'Hundred' of Leominster, ecclesiastical in origin and akin to those found in Worcestershire, Gloucestershire and elsewhere (1,10a }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Leominster }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note); Stretford Hundred divided into two portions, and two manors Kin}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 gsland and Wormelow counted as h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undreds (l,5;}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 61-62). The remaining thirteen h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undreds were of the normal compact type. }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Sulcet }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Hundred, if correctly identi\- fied with Sellack, will have been a third ex}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ample of a manor regarded as a h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undred (29,20 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid10841453 Strangford note}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ).}{ \insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 \tab The h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undredal rubrication is generally full and reliable, but requires some supplementing, especially at the beginning and ends of chapters and in the }{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Terra Regis}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 (HEF 1)}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 .}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 In some counties, }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid3548035 for example,}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Buckinghamshire, h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undreds }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid10841453 are consistently entered in the same order in each fief; see Sawyer, 'Original Returns'.}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 This is not the case in Herefordshire although a number of chapters contain sufficiently similar patterns for deduc}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 tions to be made about omitted h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undred heads.}{\insrsid15344050 }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Hundred boundaries, since they do not often coincide with the later limits, are in most cases uncertain.}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 \par \tab Although the pattern of h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undreds is in essence a simple one, it has some unusual features. A }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Tragetreu }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Hundred occurs once in the text, apparently in error for }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 'Greytree'}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 (2,13 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 'Greytree' }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note). Secondly, in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 chapters}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 9 and 24 a number of places are said to be 'in the Welsh March'. In each case, these fall in the middle of a list of }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 places in "Hezetre" Hundred}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and ar}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 e assumed to be a part of that hundred}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 . Thirdly, the Golden Valley lands, which appear to have amounted to 56 hides (25,7 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 hides }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note) are }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 only once said to constitute a h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undred (2,54). Their western boundary with the Welsh district of Ewias was probably ill-defined in 1086 and is still more difficult to determine because of the number of lands there that have not yet been identified. Some lands in the north-east cor}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 ner of this h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undred lay rather in the Wye valley than in the Dore (Golden) Val}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ley. Because of the absence of h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undred head}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 ings, it is not clear in which h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undred Marston (in Pembridge) and Pembridge itself lay; consequently the boundary between Elsdon}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Hundred}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "Hezetre" Hundred}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 is uncertain (19,8 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Pembridge }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note).}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab The isolated portions of Leominster 'Hundre}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 d' in the northern part of the c}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ounty int}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 rude into a number of ordinary h}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undreds; thus Dilwyn is separated from Elsdon Hundred by Luntley; the two parts of }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 'Wolfhay'}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Hundred by Brimfield, Upton, Ashton and Middleton, while Bro}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 adward (if correctly identified;}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 see 1,28 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Broadward }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note) is separated from }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "Tornelaus"}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Hundred by a group of Leominster plac}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 es. As with the ecclesiastical h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undreds in the southern part of Worcestershire, the lands that formed the 150 or so hides of Leominster manor may have been withdrawn fro}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 m a number of original compact 'territorial' h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undreds, thus disrupting their arrangement. In cases where a village was divided between Leominster and another holder, the latter pa}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 rts are all in a 'territorial' h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undred: }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 "}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid16213710 Alac}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ,}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Leinthall, Lye, }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid16213710 Merestone}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 (Wigmore Castle), Dilwyn, Newton, Upton, Butterley, Broadward, Yarpole and a 'Mars}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 ton' (probably Marston Stannett:}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 1,10a }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Marston }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note) are all divided in this way.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Some villages are }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 also split between territorial h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undreds: Bishops Frome between Radlow }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Hundred }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "Plegelgete" Hundred}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ; Titley between }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "Hezetre" Hundred}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and Elsdon}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Hundred}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ; Clehonger and Moccas between Stretford}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Hundred}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and Dinedor}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Hundred}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 (alth}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 ough the latter may be an error; see}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 7,7 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Moccas }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note). Westhide is divided between Radlow }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Hundred }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "Tornelaus"}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Hundred }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 (29,4 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 manor }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note).}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 \tab The medieval pattern of h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 u}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ndreds, }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid16213710 as represented by the thirteenth-century surveys in the Book of Fees and the Feudal Aids,}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 is different in many respects. }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 'Greytree' Hundred}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and Bromsash}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Hundred}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 had merged to form the enlarged Hundred of }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 'Greytree'; }{\insrsid15344050\charrsid10841453 "Cutestornes" Hundred}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid10841453 and "Stepleset" Hundred joined to form Grimsworth Hundred}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ; from the northern half of Stretford }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Hundred }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and parts of }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "Hezetre" Hundred}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and Elsdon}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 Hundred}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 with the manor-Hundred of }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid16196975 "Lene"}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 (1,5) was formed a gr eater Stretford Hundred. Dinedor}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Hundred}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 , the southern part of Stretford Hundred and some Golden Valley villages were taken into Webtree Hundred, while Radlow }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Hundred }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 was enlarged by the addition of }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "Wimundestreu" Hundred}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 . }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "Plegelgete"}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Hundred }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "Tornelaus" Hundred}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 , with a few border villages from Radlow }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Hundred }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 became Broxash Hundred; while Arch}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 enfield became an English h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undred incorporating Wormelow }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid10841453 Hundred}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and named variously Archenfield or Wormelow Hundred. }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 'Wolfhay'}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Hundred }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and the scattered 'Hundred' of Leominster remained largely unaltered at this period.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab During this time, the Marcher lords had full control of their lands which do not, as a result, appear in the feodaries. For this reason, parts of Elsdon }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Hundred }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "Hezetre" Hundred}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and of the Golden Valley as well as the whole of Ewias are not}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 surveyed. Their return to the county administration in the sixteen}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 th century}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 , on the dissolution of the Marcher lordships,}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 led to further changes: the creation of a Hundred of Ewias Lacy, which included the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 village of Cusop; the incorporation of the whole Dore (Golden) Valley in Webtree Hundred and the formation of a new Hundred of Huntington to receive a number of places that had been in Elsdon Hundred, such as Eardisley, Harpton, Huntington, Kington, Whitney, Willersley and Winforton, together with Lower Harpton from }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "Hezetre"}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Hundred. A new Hundred of Wigmore was also made to include most places formerly in }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 "Hezetre"}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Hundred added to lands transferred from Leintwardine Hundred in Shropshire}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ; see\{Introduction: The County Boundary\}}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 . Finally, Leominster Hundred lost some o}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 f its outlying portions to the h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undreds in which they lay geographically, and its core was merged with }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 'Wolfhay'}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Hundred.}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 \par \par Some of the Herefordshire 1086 hundreds were not named from Domesday estates; others are named from minor topographical features, some of them unknown: \par \tab }{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid16196975 Bromsash Hundred.}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 The name of the meeting-place (}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 'Breme}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 's}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ash-tree') is now represented by Bromsash in Linton parish (SO6424). \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx284\tx658\tx720\tx8647\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15344050 \cbpat8 {\cf1\insrsid15344050 \tab }{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid16196975 Elsdon Hundred.}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 The hundred name is represented by a hamlet Elsdon in Lyonshall parish (SO3254).}{\insrsid15344050 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx8647\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15344050 \cbpat8 {\cf1\insrsid15344050 \tab }{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid16196975 'Greytree' Hundred.}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 This is either }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid16196975 '}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 Graega's }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 tree', or 'grey tree' from Old English }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 graeg}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 (}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 'grey') and}{ \insrsid15344050 }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 treo }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ('tree').}{\insrsid15344050 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx284\tx658\tx720\tx8647\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15344050 \cbpat8 {\cf1\insrsid15344050 \tab }{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid16196975 "Hezetre" Hundred.}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 The Domesday form is }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 Hezetre }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 from hypothetical Old English }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 haeseltreo }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ('hazel tree'). The meeting-place is unknown.}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid16196975 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx284\tx667\tx720\tx8647\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15344050 \cbpat8 {\cf1\insrsid15344050 \tab }{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid16196975 "Plegelgete" Hundred.}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 From the Old English personal name }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 Pleghelm }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 and }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 geat }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ('gate' or 'narrow passage'). See Anderson, }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid16196975 English Hundred Names}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 , p. 166. The moot-site is not known.}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid16196975 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 \tab }{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid16196975 Radlow Hundred.}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 Radenelau}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ,}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 Radelau}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 , is}{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 from Old English }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 read }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ('red') and }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 hlaw }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ('hill'). The name survived to be marked on early six-inch Ordnance Survey maps as Radlow Wood just north of the former Stoke Edith railway station (SO611416). Bryant's map of 1835 marks a Radlow field to the south at approximately SO611410; see Duncumb, }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid16196975 History of Herefordshire}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 , iv. p. 5; Anderson, }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid16196975 English Hundred Names}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 , p. 167. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx284\tx677\tx720\tx8647\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15344050 \cbpat8 {\cf1\insrsid15344050 \tab }{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid16196975 Stradel Hundred.}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday }{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050 Stradel}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 .}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 The land is only described once (2,54) as a 'hundred'. Elsewhere Domesday uses 'in the Straddle Valley', that is in the Dore (or Golden) Valley. The name is Old English }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 Straddael}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ,}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 a conflation of Welsh }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 Stratdour }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 'valley of the Dore' (the first element being Welsh }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 ystrad }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 'valley') with Old English }{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050 dael }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ('valley'). It survives in Stradel Bridge and Monnington Stradel in the valley; see Ekwall, }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 Dictionary of English Place-Names}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 , under Straddle; Anderson, }{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid16196975 English Hundred Names}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 , p. 167. The alternative name, Dore, is from Old Welsh }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 Dovr}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ,}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 derived from a hypothetical British }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 dubra }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 (whence also Dover, Kent). 'Golden' is the result of false etymology as if Dore were from French }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 d'or }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 or }{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050 dor\'e9 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ('of gold, golden, gilded'), or from Old Welsh }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 our}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ,}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Modern Welsh }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 aur }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 ('gold'); both the Welsh and the French words are ultimately from Latin }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 aurum }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ('gold'). \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx284\tx667\tx720\tx8647\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15344050 \cbpat8 {\cf1\insrsid15344050 \tab }{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid16196975 "Tornelaus" Hundred.}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 The name is lost, the hundred having contributed at an early date to the formation of Broxash Hundred. It is derived from Old English }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid16196975 thorn}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid16196975 and}{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050 hlaw }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ('thorn hill'). \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx8647\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15344050 \cbpat8 {\cf1\insrsid15344050 \tab }{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid16196975 "Wimundestreu" Hundred.}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 This name is from Old English }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 Wigmund}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ,}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 a personal name, and }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 treo }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ('tree'). It is not known where the meeting-place of the hundred was.}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid16196975 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx284\tx677\tx720\tx8647\tx9038\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15344050 \cbpat8 {\cf1\insrsid15344050 \tab }{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid12145673 'Wolfhay' Hundred}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 . Domesday }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 Wlfagie }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 also }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 Vlfei}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ;}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 Wolfeye }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 in }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 Feudal Aids}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 , ii. p. 377 (1303), and }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 Wolfheye }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 in }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 Feudal Aids}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 , ii. p. 413 (1428). The name is probably from hypothetical Old English }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 wulf-}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 (}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 ge}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 )}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 haeg }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ('hay in which wolves are caught'). The hundred name survived until recent times. The meeting-place may have been at 'The Hundred' (SO5263) where the parishes of Kimbolton and Middleton meet that of Eye, Moreton and Ashton. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx8647\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15344050 \cbpat8 {\insrsid15344050 \par On "Lene" Hundred, see 1,6 "Lene" note; and on Sellack Hundred, see 29,20 Strangford note. \par \par \par \par }{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid15551356 F}{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050 OREST}{\b\insrsid15344050\charrsid15551356 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 The word derives from }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Medieval Latin}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 foresta}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ,}{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 from}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Classical Latin }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 foris }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 (}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 'outside'}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 )}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 , meani}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 n}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 g land, not necessarily wooded, beyond the bounds of the manor or village. Forests are in no sense surveyed in themselves in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 , there being only two cases in Herefordshire where they are mentioned separately from a manor: at 1,52 referring to a render of honey and mo}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ney from the F}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 orest of Archenfield and at 1,63 in connection with the forests, also in Archenfield, held by William son of Norman. In all other cases, forests are mentioned because they have encroached on the arable or the woodland properly belonging to a manor.}{ \insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 \tab The k}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ing regarded }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 foresta }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 as his preserve for hunting, and most of the land removed from manors is said to be }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 in silua}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 or}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 in foresta }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 or }{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 in defenso }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 (with variants;}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 see 1,43 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 enclosure }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note) }{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 regis}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 .}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Even where }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 regis }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 is not included, it is probably implied. The entries relating to Worcestershire and Gloucestershire lands (1,40-43 ;45-46) have more elaborate formulae such as }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 silu}{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 a }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ...}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 foris est missa ad silu}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 am regis }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 (}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ' the woodland ... has been put outside, into the king's woodland': }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 1,40) or }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 parcus ferarum}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 , sed}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 missus}{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050 est extra manerium cum tota silu}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 a }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 (}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 'a park for wild animals, but it has been put outside the manor, with all the woodland': }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 1,41).}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab In Herefordshire, forest is mentioned or implied in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 the following entries (a dagger }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 indicate}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 s}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 that it is specifically designated royal forest): }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid1061909 Turlestane}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 (1,7); \'86Cleeve (1,8); \'86Redbrook (1,73); \'86Staunton (1,74); \'86}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Didley and }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid16196975 "Stane"}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 (2,2); \'86 Madley (2,9); \'86'Barton' (2,11); \'86Ross-on-Wye (2,24); \'86}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 an unnamed pl}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ace in the Golden Valley (2,56); \'86Dinedor (8,7); \'86Bullinghope (10,19. 21,6); \'86}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Much Cowarne }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 (}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 19,10}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 )}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 . Plotted on a map, these places fall into distinct groups: Ross}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 -on-Wye}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 , Cleeve, Staunton and Redbrook lie in what is still today the Forest of Dean; Didley and }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid13265823 Stane}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "}{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 are part of Treville Wood mentioned in 1,3; while 'Barton', Dinedor and Bullinghope and the entr}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ies at 1,52 and 1,63}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 imply the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 existence of a great forest in n}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 orthern Archenfield, probably a branch of the Forest of Dean. Another branch extended to the }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 River}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Teme and incorporated Malvern Chase, at the southern end of which lay }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid13265823 Turlestane}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 .}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 The woods of Madley and Much Cowarne seem to have been isolated from}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 the main forests, although the former, together with the unnamed Golden Valley land, might have been part of Treville Wood. The existence of other forest, especially that of Malvern Chase, }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 is implied by the mention of 'ha}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ys', that is, hedged en}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 closures for capturing game (2,2}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 3 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 enclosures }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note).}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Wild woodland is sometimes difficult to distinguish from forest: woodland is said to have established itself on eleven waste manors in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "Hezetre"}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Hundred and Osbern son of Richard Scrope hunts there (24,5). Land at Harewood (25,6) in Clifford had similarly reverted to woodland, but there is no mention of hunting.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 \par \par \par }{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050 THE DOMESDAY FORMAT}{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4789765 \par }{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050 The Manuscript \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 The m}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 anuscript is written on leaves, or folios, of parchment (sheepskin), measuring about 15 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 inches by 11 inches}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 (38}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 centimetres}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 by 28 c}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 enti}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 m}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 etres}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ), on both sid es. On each side, or page, are two columns, making four to each folio. Th}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 e folios were numbered in the seventeen}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 th century and the four columns of each are}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 here lettered a, b, c, d. The m}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 anuscript emphasises words and usually distinguishes chapters and sections by the use of red ink. Underlining in the manuscript }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 usually }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 indicates deletion.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Herefordshire seems to have caused the scribe a great deal of difficulty. It is a poorly executed county with much compression, insertio ns in the margin and at the foot of columns, and a great many blank spaces left, both in the body of an e}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ntry (for example, }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 the recurring spaces left after }{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 hida}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid15551356 ;}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 see }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 1,9}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 hides }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 note) and between entries (as between 1,38 and 1,39) and at the end of chapters (almost half a column after }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 chapter}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 9). It would seem that the scribe began to write up the county before all the material was available. He miscalculated the amount of space needed for several fiefs when planning the layout of the folio}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 s, as for example o n folio 185a}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 b where he left about 16 lines at the end of }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 chapter}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 10 and then had to squeeze in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 chapter}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 13 at the foot of the column, presumably because he had already begun work on }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 chapter}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 14 on the reverse of the folio; (13,2 is below the bottom marginal ruling which is no}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 t clear from Farley who printed}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 a smaller gap between }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 chapters}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 10 and 11.) There are a great many erasures and corrections, some neatly executed, others badly, some obviously done at the time of writing, others when the scribe came to che ck the work; not all of them are mentioned in the notes below. The parchment is thin and almost transparent in several places, and rough in many others, which adds to the difficulty in ascertaining which was the original reading and which the correction. The scribe is genuinely careless in some places, briefly omitting details in an entry, so that the word order or grammar is unusual (see 14,6. 22,8. 10,72).}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Farley also seems to have encountered difficulties in his transcri}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ption of Herefordshire; he made}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 o ver a dozen mistakes (though some of them are probably printers' errors), ranging from capitals for lower-case letters and vice versa to the more serious letter }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 and figure errors and omissions; mention of these is made in the relevant notes.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Because of the poor quality of the parchment and the faintness of some of the ink, the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Ordnance Survey facsimile }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 failed to reproduce several}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 abbreviation signs and letters; this is pointed out in the relevant notes}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 .}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid11231903 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 \par }{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050 RELATED OR 'SATELLITE' TEXTS}{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid10494530 \par }{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid6824037 The Herefordshire Domesday}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid6824037 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Domesday Book continued to be used as a source-book for the taxability and tenure of lan}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 d for the next three centuries; see}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Galbraith in}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid9180774 Herefordshire Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 , pp. xxiv-xxviii; Galbraith}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid14224087 , }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid14224087 Domesday Book in Administrative History}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid14224087 , pp. 100}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 -}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 22). Its use in Chancery and Exchequer administration as well as by local county officials led to the production o}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 f a number of subsidiary texts}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 : the commonest are abbreviations, either of the whole, such as the}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 thirteenth-century}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid10494530 Abbreviatio}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 (PRO,}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 E 36/284) which was probab}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ly based on a lost original }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 of which there are two }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 other }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 copies (}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 the Breviate: }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 PRO}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ,}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 E 164/1}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ;}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 the Margam Abbreviation: }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 B}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 .L.,}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Arundel 153);}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 or of parts such as 'Bath B' (see SOM \{}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid14761225 Appendix\}}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ),}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 the survey of Worce}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ster Church lands ('Worcestershire B' in WOR \{Appendix\}}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ); the abbreviation of }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 WOR 2-8}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 (}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 '}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Evesham C}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 '}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 in t}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 he WOR \{Appendix\} ), the twelfth-century abbreviation}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 of Kent (B}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 .L., Cotto}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 n Vitellius C}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 . viii}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ), and }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 the abbrevions within the Burton Cartulary, the Peniarth Cartulary etc. (see STS \{Introduction: Related or 'Satellite' Texts\})}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 . Such abbreviations normally give the place-name, the }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 holder (some\-times updated), the hidage and state whether the hides are taxed.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Herefordshire is unique in having}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 a twelfth-}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 century copy of the whole of }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday for the c}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ounty. It is found in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Oxford, }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Balliol}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 College}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 350}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ,}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 folios 1-42, of which the last four c}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ontain related but later texts}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 . The majority of the manuscript is in the 'Curial' script taught in the royal }{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 scriptorium}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 .}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Two folios have been removed after folio 14v,}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 containing }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 material relating to }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 2,17 (part) to 2,33 (part). }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 The }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid9914094 Herefordshire Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 has been edited by V. H. Galbraith and J. Tait for the Pipe Roll Society with pages of manuscript facsimile facing a transcription and with notes at the end.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Apart from a free treatment of proper names, a procedure shared with the abbreviations of }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 , as well as some minor errors and corrections to } {\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and the omission of chapter headings, }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2229329 Herefordshire Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 is a faithful }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 transcript of Domesday Herefordshire. It contains the h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undred heads from }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 but makes no attempt to supply them when they are mis}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 sing. It probably dates from }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid14224087 c}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 . 11}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 60}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 -}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid14224087 c}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 .}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 l 170, and is part of the revival of t}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 he Chancery and E}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 xchequer under Henry II following the turbulence of Stephen's reign. It was possibly the work of Thomas Brown who held a post at the Exchequer and had Herefordshire connections.} {\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Its interest to the student of Domesday lies in its marginal additions. These are in both red and black ink and in a number of hands and begin at the time when}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 the body of the Herefordshire Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 was written, continuing for some years, though none is certainly later than }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid14224087 c}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 .}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 1200. These marginalia usually give the hidage, sometimes discrepant with }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday, the place-name and the twelfth-}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 century holder. The}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 place-names are especially valuable, often differing from the spellings of }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and of the text of }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2229329 Herefordshire Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 its}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 elf and being in a more recogniz}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ably 'English' form. They sometimes distinguish places of the same name by an additional name (}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid3548035 for example,}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Halmonds F}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 rome and Castle Frome: 10,29-30),}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 or specify more closely a particular h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 olding (Bishopstone for 'Mansell'}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 in 2,46) or give a location or an alternative name for a lost place (Westhide for } {\cf1\insrsid15344050 "}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2229329 Lincumbe}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ":}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 29,15). Sometimes a name is supplied for an unnamed }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 holding (Pencombe}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 for the manor in}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 19,6) or for a member or unnamed part of a holding ('Wormington'}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 for Roger of Lacy's part of 'Westwood':}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 1,61).}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 The twelfth-}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 century holders have not been added systematically, but are present for about a third of the entries. In some cases, these men have named the village, as in Stoke Bliss (31,6) from }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 G}{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid14224087 .}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 de Blez}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ; sometimes the tenant's name bridges the gap between }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday and the earliest f}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 eodaries, thus helping to trace the descent of }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 holdings. These additions, corrections or clarifications}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 are recorded in the notes to the present edition}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 .}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 \tab Some miscellaneous texts}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 are included }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 at the end of the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid14108109 Herefordshire Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 . Of these, two are important for the study of }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday. Folio 40r (Galbraith and Tait, }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 Herefordshire Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ,}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 p. 77) contains a list of the total hides belonging to individual }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 holders (similar to }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 'Worcestershire D'; see WOR \{Appendix\}}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ); in some cases the names of the holders have been updated to take account of changes of tenure to }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid14224087 c}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 .}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 l}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 107-1128. On folios 40v-41r (Galbraith and Tait, }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 Herefordshire Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ,}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 pp. 78-79)}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 there}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 is a later list of lands (the place-names and hidages and much of the order taken from }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ) and tenants, probably compiled before 1139.}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 }{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 \par \par \par }{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid15551356 EDITORIAL \par Identification of Places}{\b\insrsid15344050\charrsid15551356 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 The identification of many Herefordshire places is less secure than in some other counties. The evolution of the place-names has not yet been subjected t}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 o the exhaustive study of a}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 volume}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 from the English Place-Name Society and no further volumes of the Victoria County History (VCH)}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 have yet been published to trace the descent of }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 holdings. Earlier surveys lack rigour; for instance, Bannister's volume on place-names is lacking in examples and can seriously mislead in its treatment of villages of the same name, such as Pembridge, Hinton, Marston, which occ}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ur in different parts of the c}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ounty. The work of Lord Rennell of Rodd is help}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ful, but some of his methods of}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 identification (discussed in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid14224087 Rennell, \lquote Domesday Geography of North-West}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid14224087 }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid14224087 Hereford\rquote )}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 are not convincing}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid14224087 , for}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 example from the presumed route of the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Commissioners or }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 '}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 surveyors}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 '}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 from village to village, or from modern evidence of the extent of arable land in a given holding. Owing to this and the lack of early feudal evidence for the Welsh Marches area, there is an unusually large number of places unidentified in Herefordshire.} {\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab These difficulties are compounded by the usual problems of }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday: the absence of h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undred headings in some parts of the text; the fact that the same }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 form (}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid3548035 for example,}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Mildetune}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid14224087 or }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Hope}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid3548035 )}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 can be represented by different modern names (Milton, Middleton; Hope, Hopleys Green, Brinsop, Miles Hope etc.); while }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Frome}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ,}{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Hantone}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ,}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Estune}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ,}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Merstone }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 may each be one of several modern Fromes, Hamptons, Astons }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 or Marstons scattered over the c}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ounty. Moreover }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 spellings, where they can be checked against the marginal name-forms in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4789765 Herefordshire Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ,}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 sometimes appear confused or corrupt.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab On the other hand, considerabl}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 e help can be derived from the h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undred heads that do exist in the text, from }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 the }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4789765 Herefordshire Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ,}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and from the great 1243 survey of lands contained in the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4789765 Book of Fees}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 . With these sources of help}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ,}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 for example, the eight occurrences of }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Frome }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 in }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 can be satisfactorily divided betwe}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 en five modern villages in two h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 undreds.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 \tab }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 The notes in the present edition do not aim to be exhaustive, but to provide supporting evidence for new identifications or for those which might otherwise be reasonably disputed.}{ \insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Several adjacent modern villages, now distinguished by affixes such as East and West, Upper and Lower, share the same }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 form, and if they existed as separate villages in 1086, this is rarely evidenced }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid3548035 (}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Nerefrum }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and }{ \i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Brismerfrum}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ,}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 10,29-30, being exceptional).}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Where these modern separate villages can be traced from individual }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Domesday}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 holdings}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 , this fact is recorded in the notes}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 . On the other hand the affixes are included where two places of the same basic name}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 are in different parts of the county. Thus Marston [Stannett]}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 appear s as a distinction from Marston in Pembridge; but Grendon Bishop and Grendon Warren which are adjacent appear simply as Grendon in the text.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \tab Many changes have been made in identificati}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ons since the publication of }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050 V}{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid14224087 CH Herefordshire}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 , i. in 1908, mainly as a result of the publication}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 of}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 Galbraith and Tait,}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\i\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid9180774 Herefordshire Domesday}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 ,}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 work of Lord Rennell of Rodd. These changes are detailed in the notes. \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid15551356 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid14224087 \par }{\b\insrsid15344050\charrsid15551356 State of Revision}{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid15551356 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15344050 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 The}{\insrsid15344050 Phillimore edition of Herefordshire was published in 1983}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 . The transl}{\insrsid15344050 ation was drafted by Veronica Sankaran}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 , the map}{\insrsid15344050 s were the work of Frank Thorn and Jim Hardy (this corrects the statement in the Introduction to the Phillimore printed edition) }{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and the volume was edited by Frank and Caroline Thorn. }{\insrsid15344050 In their research the editors had incurred a number of debts to others which they acknowledged as follows:}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx8647\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15344050 \cbpat8 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\b\cf1\insrsid15344050 \tab }{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid14224087 '}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 The County Editors are very grateful to John Dodgson who is supervising the publication of this series and to John Freeman, both of whom have read through the draft notes a nd saved them from errors and infeliciti}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 es. John Dodgson (abbreviated JMcND}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ) has in particular made important contributions to place-name and personal name }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 notes, while John Freeman}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 has no less generously allowed the incorporation of material from his unpublished M.A. Dissertation}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ,}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 'Some Herefordshire Place-Names in Domesday Book, with Special Reference to Anglo-Norman Influence'.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 \tab }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Miss Daphne Gifford of the Public Record Office has kindly allowed Caroline Thorn to consult the manuscript of }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 [Great] }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Domesday Book and has tirelessly answered many written queries.}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 \tab }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 The editors also wish to thank Mr R.}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 J}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 .H. Hill, Reference Librarian of the Hereford Library, and the Staff of the Hereford Record Office}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 , among them particularly Mr J.}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 S. Williams for help with }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 "}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid819035 Winetune"}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 (2,5}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 2) and 'Cuple' (10,74); also Mr}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 Warren Skidmore of Akron, U.S.A., for information concerning the }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 honour}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 of Ewyas Harold and the Scudamore family included in the notes at 1,56 and }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid2433814 10,16-18}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid14224087 ;}{\b\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 and especially Mr}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 J.D. Foy for proof-}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 reading.}{ \insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx8647\tx11117\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15344050 \cbpat8 {\cf1\insrsid15344050 \tab }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 This edition had already been prepared for the press when Mr Coplestone-Crow of Birmingham}{\insrsid15344050 }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 most generously made available to the editors the results of his many years of study of Domesday and the later descent of Herefordshire manors. His care for detail}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 and intimate knowledge of the c}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 ounty have helped to amplify and sharpen a number of the notes.}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 ' \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri6\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx8460\tx8640\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin6\lin0\itap0\pararsid15344050 \cbpat8 {\insrsid15344050\charrsid3542955 John Morris, the originator and first editor of the series}{\insrsid15344050 ,}{ \insrsid15344050\charrsid3542955 had died in 1977 and the subsequent volumes in the series were brought out under the supervision of John McN}{\insrsid15344050 .}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid3542955 Dodgson and Alison Hawkins. }{\insrsid15344050 A note at the end of the Introduction to the printed edition said: 'At the time of Dr Morris's death in June 1977, he had completed volumes 2 [Sussex], 3 [Surrey], 11 [Middlesex], 12 [Hertfordshire], 19 [Huntingdonsh ire], 23 [Warwickshire], 24 [Staffordshire]. He had more or less finished the preparation of volumes 13 [Buckinghamshire], 14 [Oxfordshire], 20 [Bedfordshire], 28 [Nottinghamshire]. These and subsequent volumes in the series were brought out under the sup ervision of John Dodgson and Alison Hawkins, who have endeavoured to follow, as far as possible, the editorial principles established by John Morris'. The preparation of the volume was greatly assisted by a generous grant from the Leverhulme Trust Fund. \par \par When it appeared in 1983, Herefordshire was the most heavily annotated of the Phillimore volumes. Nonetheless it would benefit from a revision}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 }{\insrsid15344050 because of its editors' further twenty years of study and the appearance of a number of important books and articles. The editors intend to undertake such a revision in due course. }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid3542955 The present edition is part of a project to convert the annotation of the Phillimore printed volumes to electronic form and to revi}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 se them. For this }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid3542955 purpose only a limited number of changes have been made to the printed notes:}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid1331379 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15344050 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-360\li720\ri-29\nowidctlpar\tx284\jclisttab\tx720\tx8647\faauto\ls1\rin-29\lin720\itap0\pararsid15344050 \cbpat8 { \cf1\insrsid15344050 The contents of the Introductory Notes have been incorporated either in the Introduction or in the Notes themselves. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15344050 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}The translation of some terms has been brought into line with those of the series as a whole. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15344050\charrsid3542955 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-360\li720\ri6\nowidctlpar\tx284\jclisttab\tx720\tx8460\tx8640\faauto\ls1\rin6\lin720\itap0\pararsid15344050 \cbpat8 {\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid3542955 The bibliographical }{\cf1\insrsid15344050 and other }{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid3542955 conventions have been changed to align them with the other counties that have been revised for the current project.}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15344050 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}Certain changes have been necessary in the conversion o f the notes to a searchable electronic version, such as to the lead words for the notes, to cross-references and to punctuation. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15344050\charrsid3542955 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid3542955 The form of the h}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 undred names has been standardiz}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid3542955 ed so as to distinguish between those units that are named from places still extant and those that are not. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15344050\charrsid3542955 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}A number of the forms of personal names have been changed as part of a}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 n ongoing}{ \cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid3542955 process to bring more consistency to the entire name stock}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 of Domesday Book}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid3542955 .}{\cf1\insrsid15344050 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15344050 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}Some of the people have been further identified. When the iden tification comes from the person's occurrence in other documents or in other Domesday counties, this is shown in the translation between asterisks within square brackets. Where there is no documentary evidence for the identity of an individual, but it see m s likely that a number of persons with the same first name are one and the same, this has been indicated in the translation by putting the name of one of the estates held by that person between < >. In this county the notes to justify both these forms of identification have largely been written by John Palmer and these have been attributed to him as (JP) put at the end of his paragraph. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15344050 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}Obvious typographical errors in the Phillimore printed notes have been corrected. \par }\pard \ql \li360\ri6\nowidctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx8460\tx8640\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin6\lin360\itap0\pararsid15344050 \cbpat8 {\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid3542955 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri6\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx8460\tx8640\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin6\lin0\itap0\pararsid15344050 \cbpat8 {\cf1\insrsid15344050 In the Phillimore printed volume tran slations and annotation were provided for those places that lay outside Herefordshire in 1086 but which were subsequently transferred to it. These places are tabulated here in \{Introduction: County Boundary\} ; for translation and notes, now see the counties concerned. \par \tab Also in the printed edition, a table of variant place-names was provided. Its content has now been placed in the notes to the relevant places.}{\cf1\insrsid15344050\charrsid3542955 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx8647\tx11117\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15344050 \cbpat8 {\insrsid15344050 \par Caroline Thorn \par Frank Thorn \par December 2006 \par June 2007}{\insrsid15344050\charrsid4005260 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx8647\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15344050 \cbpat8 {\cf1\insrsid15344050 \par \par }}